Sources and authorship

Who wrote this

Written and reviewed by Dr Christopher Lawrence MBBS MD FRCP, Consultant Nephrologist and Transplant Physician (UK).

Catalogue version 2026-11-04. Last reviewed 2026-11-04. The explanations describe what each test measures and why it is requested; they do not interpret your results or give treatment advice.

General references

Used across the catalogue. Every test page lists the sources for that test under Sources.

Blood tests: NHS nhs.uk
Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine (Pathology Harmony reference ranges) acb.org.uk
NICE guidance (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) nice.org.uk
Lab Tests Online UK (Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine) labtestsonline.org.uk
Medical Tests: MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine medlineplus.gov

Reference ranges

The range printed by your own laboratory always takes precedence and is the one your result is compared against. Where none was printed, the typical UK adult range shown comes from the harmonised ranges published for UK laboratories and from the guidelines listed on each test page. Ranges differ between laboratories, methods, ages and sexes.

This is an educational summary of results you uploaded. It is not medical advice, a diagnosis or a treatment plan, and it does not replace the doctor who requested the test. If you are worried, or a result is marked outside range, discuss it with your doctor. Written and reviewed by a UK consultant physician. Reference ranges vary between laboratories.